The Waste LandTitle: “The Waste Land”The Waste Land According to Eliot, the title was suggested by Miss Jessie L. Weston's From Ritual to Romance , a work of literary criticism exploring the pagan and Christian roots of the Grail legend. See also Eliot's own note, below. reference topics full pub…Click for the full annotation →
1922

go back to standard edition

For Ezra PoundPoundEzra Pound (1885-1972) Eliot dedicates this poem to Pound not only because he helped give the poem shape, but because Pound has at the time of publication of The Waste Land , 1922, been a tremendous friend and teacher to Eliot for 10 years. They discussed poet…Click for the full annotation → 
il miglior fabbroIl miglior fabbroIl miglior fabbro Italian for "the better craftsman," which Pound certainly was. There were few poets in Eliot's day with such expert knowledge of the craft as Ezra Pound, who studied in depth the manifestations of poetry in different and often exotic language…Click for the full annotation →.


Eliot reading The Waste Land - (c) HarperCollins Audio - RealAdio format I. The Burial of the DeadBurialThe Burial of the Dead From the Anglican burial service, full title of the service is "The Order for The Burial of the Dead". (NA, Southam) reference topics back to "The Waste Land"Click for the full annotation →

  April is the cruellest month, breeding 
Lilacs out of the dead land, mixing 
Memory and desire, stirring 
Dull roots with spring rain. 
Winter kept us warm, covering 
Earth in forgetful snow, feeding 
A little life with dried tubers. 
Summer surprised us, coming over the StarnbergerseeStanbergerseeStarnbergersee Lake a few miles south of Munich, where the "mad" King Ludwig II of Bavaria drowned in 1886 in mysterious circumstances. This romantic, melancholy king was a passionate admirer of Richard Wagner and especially of Wagner's opera Tristan und Isold…Click for the full annotation → RSummer surprised usSummer surprised us ... Eliot had met King Ludwig's second cousin Countess Marie Larisch and talked with her. Although he had probably not read the countess's book My Past, which discusses King Ludwig at length, he got information about her life and times from…Click for the full annotation →
With a shower of rain; we stopped in the colonnade, 
And went on in sunlight, into the HofgartenHofgartenHofgarten A small public park in Munich. (NA) reference topics back to "The Waste Land"Click for the full annotation →
And drank coffee, and talked for an hour. 
Bin gar keine Russin, stamm' aus Litauen, echt deutsch. TIchbinGerman "I am not Russian at all; I come from Lithuania, a true German." (NA) reference topics back to "The Waste Land"Click for the full annotation →
And when we were children, staying at the archduke's, 
My cousin's, he took me out on a sled, 
And I was frightened. He said, Marie, 
Marie, hold on tight. And down we went. 
In the mountains, there you feel free. RIn the MountainsIn the mountains ... A translation of the opening of a Bavarian folksong celebrating King Ludwig and lamenting his drowning. reference topics back to "The Waste Land"Click for the full annotation →
I read, much of the night, and go south in the winter.

  What are the roots that clutch, what branches grow 
Out if this stony rubbish? Son of manSon of ManSon of Man Cf. Ezekiel II, i. [Eliot's note] reference topics Son of Man Ezekiel II, i-x back to "The Waste Land"Click for the full annotation →
You cannot say, or guess, for you know only 
A heap of broken images, where the sun beats, 
And the dead tree gives no shelter, the cricket no relief, RDead treeThe dead tree ... 23. Cf. Ecclesiastes XII, v. [Eliot's note] The line in the Bible that Eliot refers to contains the priest's warning against the desolation of old age ( NA ). reference topics Ecclesiastes XII, i-x link two back to "The Waste Land"Click for the full annotation →
And the dry stone no sound of water. Only 
There is shadow under this red rock, RThereisshadowThere is shadow ... The rock and the importance of its shadow is a theme that reoccurs throughout the whole Bible. In the hot desert lands of the Middle-East a rock that provides shade is very valuable: not only could you find shade from the hot sun, but you c…Click for the full annotation →
(Come in under the shadow of this red rock), 
And I will show you something different from either 
Your shadow at morning striding behind you 
Or your shadow at evening rising to meet you; 
I will show you fear in a handful of dust. 

Frish weht der Wind 
Der Heimat zu 
Mein Irisch Kind, 
Wo weilest du? T R

"You gave me hyacinths first a year ago; 
They called me the hyacinth girl."
--Yet when we came back, late, from the Hyacinth garden, 
Your arms full, and your hair wet, I could not 
Speak, and my eyes failed, I was neither 
Living nor dead, and I knew nothing, 
Looking into the heart of light, the silence. 
Oed' und leer das Meer. T R

  Madame SosostrisSosostrisSosostris A mock Egyptian name (suggested to Eliot by "Sesostris, the Sorceress of Ecbatana," the name assumed by a character in Aldous Huxley's novel Crome Yellow who dresses up as a gypsy to tell fortunes at a fair). (NA) reference topics link one link two b…Click for the full annotation →, famous clairvoyante, 
Had a bad cold, nevertheless 
Is known to be the wisest woman in Europe, 
With a wicked pack of cardsPack of cardsPack of cards The four suits of the Tarot pack, discussed by Jessie Weston in From Ritual to Romance, are the cup, lance, sword, and dish - the life symbols found in the Grail story. Weston noted that "today the Tarot has fallen somewhat into disrepute, being …Click for the full annotation →. Here, said she, 
Is your card, the drowned Phoenician SailorPhoenicianP hoenician Sailor See part 4. Phlebas the Phoenician and Mr. Eugenides, the Smyrna merchant - both of whom appear later in the poem - are different phases of the same symbolic character, here identified as the "Phoenician Sailor." Mr. Eugenides exports "curra…Click for the full annotation →
(Those are pearls that were his eyes. Look!) RThose were pearls ...Those were pearls ... The line is from Shakespeare's Tempest (I.2.398). Ariel's song to the shipwrecked Ferdinand, who was "sitting on a bank / Weeping again the King my father's wrack," when "this music crept by me on the waters." The song is about the suppos…Click for the full annotation →
Here is BelladonnaBelladonnaBelladonna Jonsonian Italian name meaning "beautiful lady". Belladonna is also an eye cosmetic and a poison - the deadly nightshade. (NA) reference topics The Rock link two back to "The Waste Land"Click for the full annotation →, the Lady of the RocksLadyofrocksLady of the Rocks The title "Lady of the Rocks" suggests Madonna (the Virgin Mary) and, therefore, the Madonna of the Rocks, as in Leonardo da Vinci's painting; the rocks symbolize the church (see note above). reference topics The Rock link two back to "The Wa…Click for the full annotation →
The lady of situations. 
Here is the man with three stavesthree stavesThe man with three staves Life-force symbol, associated by Eliot with the Fisher King. (NA) reference topics link two back to "The Waste Land"Click for the full annotation →, and here the WheelWheelThe Wheel The wheel of fortune, whose turning represents the reversals of human life. (NA) reference topics link two back to "The Waste Land"Click for the full annotation →
And here is the one-eyed merchantOneeyeOne-eyed merchant I.e., Mr. Eugenides, "one-eyed" because the figure is in profile on the card and also a suggestion of evil or crookedness, or a pirate. (NA) reference topics link two back to "The Waste Land"Click for the full annotation →, and this card, 
Which is blank, is something he carries on his back, 
Which I am forbidden to see. I do not find 
The Hanged ManHangedThe Hanged Man On his card in the Tarot pack he is shown hanging from one foot from a T-shaped cross. He symbolizes the self-sacrifice of the fertility god who is killed in order that his resurrection may bring fertility once again to land and people. (NA) ref…Click for the full annotation →. Fear death by water. 
I see crowds of people, walking round in a ring, 
Thank you. If you see dear Mrs. Equitone, 
Tell her I bring the horoscope myself: 
One must be so careful these days.

  Unreal City, RUnreal CityUnreal City Cf. Baudelaire: 'Fourmillante cité, cité pleine de rêves,' 'Où le spectre en plein jour raccroche le passant.' [Eliot's note]. The lines Eliot quotes are from "Les Sept Vieillards" ("The Seven Old Men") by Charles Baudelaire (1821-67); it is poem 9…Click for the full annotation →
Under the brown fog of a winter dawn, 
A crowd flowed over London Bridge, so many, RI hadI had not ... 63. Cf. Inferno III, 55-57: si lunga tratta di gente, ch'io non averei creduto che morte tanta n'avesse disfatta. [Eliot's note] Dante, just outside the gate of hell, has seen "the wretched souls of those who lived without disgrace and without pr…Click for the full annotation →
I had not thought death had undone so many. RSighsSighs, short and ... Cf. Inferno IV, 25-27: Quivi, secondo che per ascolatre, non avea piante mai che di sospiri che l'aura eterna facevan tremare. [Eliot's note] In Limbo, the first circle of hell, Dante has found the virtuous heathens, who lived before Chris…Click for the full annotation →
Sighs, short and infrequent, were exhaled, 
And each man fixed his eyes before his feet. 
Flowed up the hill and down King William Street, 
To where Saint Mary WoolnothSaintMarySaint Mary Woolnoth St. Mary Woolnoth is a church in the "Unreal City" of London (the financial district); the crowd is flowing across the London Bridge to work in the City. (NA) reference topics link two back to "The Waste Land"Click for the full annotation → kept the hours 
With a dead sound dead sounddead sound A phenomenon which I have often noticed. [Eliot's note] reference topics link two back to "The Waste Land"Click for the full annotation →on the final stroke of nine. 
There I saw one I knew, and stopped him, crying: "Stetson! 
You who were with me in the ships at MylaeMylaeMylae The battle of Mylae (260 B.C.) in the First Punic War, which, like World War I, was fought for economic reasons. (NA) reference topics link two back to "The Waste Land"Click for the full annotation →
'That corpsethatcorpseThat corpse ... A distortion of the ritual death of the fertility god. (NA) reference topics link two back to "The Waste Land"Click for the full annotation → you planted last year in your garden, 
'Has it begun to sprout? Will it bloom this year? 
'Or has the sudden frost disturbed its bed? 
O keep the Dog far hence, that's friend to men, RKeep the dogKeep the dog ... Cf. the Dirge in Webster's White Devil. [Eliot's note] In the play by John Webster (d. 1625), the dirge, sung by Cornelia, has the lines "But keep the wolf far hence, that's foe to men, /For with his nails he'll dig them up again." Eliot makes…Click for the full annotation →
'Or with his nails he'll dig it up again! 
'You! Hypocrite lecteur!---mon semblable,--mon frere!' T RyouhypocriteYou! Hypocrite ... V. Baudelaire, Preface to Fleurs du Mal . [Eliot's note] The passage is the last line of the introductory poem "Au Lecteur" ("To the Reader") in Baudelaire's Fleurs du Mal . "Au Lecteur" describes man as sunk in stupidity, sin, and evil, but…Click for the full annotation →

 










10










20









30











40










50










60









70




Eliot reading The Waste Land - (c) HarperCollins Audio - RealAdio format II. A Game of ChessA Game of ChessA Game of Chess The title suggests two plays by Thomas Middleton (1580-1627): A Game at Chess and, more significant, W omen beware Women , which has a scene in which a mother-in-law is distracted by a game of chess while her daughter-in-law is seduced: every m…Click for the full annotation → 

The Chair she sat in, like a burnished throne,  RThe ChairThe Chair she ... Cf. Antony and Cleopatra , II, ii, l.190. [Eliot's note] "The barge she sat in, like a burnish'd throne,/Burn'd on the water." In the opening lines of this passage Eliot makes a lot of references to Shakespeare's play, particularly the follow…Click for the full annotation →
Glowed on the marble, where the glass 
Held up by standards wrought with fruited vines 
From which a golden Cupidon peeped out 
(Another hid his eyes behind his wing) 
Doubled the flames of sevenbranched candelabra 
Reflecting light upon the table as 
The glitter of her jewels rose to meet it, 
From satin cases poured in rich profusion. 
In vials of ivory and colored glass 
Unstoppered, lurked her strange synthetic perfumes, 
Unguent, powdered, or liquid--troubled, confused 
And drowned the sense in odors; stirred by the air 
That freshened from the window, these ascended 
In flattening the prolonged candle flames, 
Flung their smoke into the laquearia, RFlung their smokeFlung their smoke ... Laquearia. V. Aeneid , I, 726: dependent lychni laqueribus auries incensi, et noctem flammis funalia vincunt [Eliot's note] Eliot refers to lines from a passage which describe how Dido entertains her royal guests (Aeneas and train). Eliot…Click for the full annotation →
Stirring the pattern on the coffered ceiling. 
Huge sea-wood fed with copper 
Burned green and orange, framed by the colored stone, 
In which sad light a carved dolphin swam. 
Above the antique mantel was displayed 
As though a window gave upon the sylvan scene RSylvan SceneSylvan Scene Sylvan scene. V. Milton, Paradise Lost, IV, 140. [Eliot's note] In this section of Paradise Lost we get a description of Eden throught the eyes of the Devil. reference topics Paradise Lost, IV 130-70 back to "The Waste Land"Click for the full annotation →
The change of Philomel, by the barbarous king RPhilomelPhilomel V. Ovid, Metamorphoses , VI, Philomela. [Eliot's note] Eliot refers to the story of Philomela who was raped by Tereus, the husband of her sister Procne. All three are in the end turned into birds; Procne and Philomel into nightingales, and Tereus into…Click for the full annotation →
So rudely forced; yet there the nightingale RRudelySo rudely forced Cf. Part III, l. 195. [Eliot's note] The reference in this note and the previous also recall the following lines from The Hollow Men : "As wind in dry grass/ Or rats' feet over broken glass/ In our dry cellar" reference topics Ovid's Metamorph…Click for the full annotation →
Filled all the desert with inviolable voice 
And still she cried, and still the world pursues, 
"Jug Jug" to dirty ears. RJug Jug"Jug Jug" Conventional representation of nightingale's song in Elizabethan poetry. (NA) The 'dirty ears are probably Tereus', who raped Philomel. reference topics link two back to "The Waste Land"Click for the full annotation →
And other withered stumps of time 
Were told upon the walls; staring forms 
Leaned out, leaning, hushing the room enclosed. 
Footsteps shuffled on the stair. 
Under the firelight, under the brush, her hair 
Spread out in fiery points 
Glowed into words, then would be savagely still.

  "My nerves are bad tonight. Yes, bad. Stay with me. 
  Speak to me. Why do you never speak. Speak. 
    What are you thinking of? What thinking? What? 
  I never know what you are thinking. Think."

  I think we are in rats' alley Rrat's alleyrat's alley Cf. Part III, l. 204 [Eliot's note] The reference in this note and the following also recall the following lines from The Hollow Men : "As wind in dry grass/ Or rats' feet over broken glass/ In our dry cellar" reference topics The Hollow Men back t…Click for the full annotation →
Where the dead men lost their bones.

"What is that noise?" 
                         The wind under the door. RWind underThe wind under ... Cf. Webster: 'Is the wind in that door still?' [Eliot's note] The line cited in the note is from John Webster, The Devil's Law Case 3.2.162. (NA) reference topics The Hollow Men back to "The Waste Land"Click for the full annotation →
"What is that noise now? What is the wind doing?" 
                         Nothing again nothing. 

                                                                                "Do 
You know nothing? Do you see nothing? Do you remember 
Nothing?"

       I remember 
Those are pearls that were his eyes. RPearlsThose are pearls ... Cf. Part I, l. 37,48. [Eliot's note] These lines are from The Tempest again. reference topics The Tempest and The Waste Land back to "The Waste Land"Click for the full annotation →
"Are you alive, or not? Is there nothing in your head?" 
                                                                               But 
O O O O that Shakespeherian Rag---  RShakespeherianShakespeherian Rag American ragtime song, which was a hit of Ziegfeld's Follies in 1912. (NA) reference topics The Hollow Men back to "The Waste Land"Click for the full annotation →
It's so elegant 
So intelligent 
"What shall I do now? What shall I do?
I shall rush out as I am, and walk the street 
With my hair down, so. What shall we do tomorrow? 
What shall we ever do?" 
                                            The hot water at ten. 
And if it rains, a closed car at four. 
And we shall play a game of chess, RGame of Chessa game of chess Cf. the game of chess in Middleton's Women beware Women . [Eliot's note] The piece has a scene in which a mother-in-law is distracted by a game of chess while her daughter-in-law is seduced: every move in the chess game represents a move in the…Click for the full annotation →
Pressing lidless eyes and waiting for a knock upon the door.

  When Lil's husband got demobbed, I said-- 
I didn't mince my words, I said to her myself, 
Hurry up please it's time RHurry upHurry up please... The traditional call of the British bartender at closing time. (NA) reference topics The Hollow Men back to "The Waste Land"Click for the full annotation →
Now Albert's coming back, make yourself a bit smart. 
He'll want to know what you done with that money he gave you 
To get yourself some teeth. He did, I was there. 
You have them all out, Lil, and get a nice set, 
He said, I swear, I can't bear to look at you. 
And no more can't I, I said, and think of poor Albert, 
He's been in the army four years, he wants a good time, 
And if you don't give it him, there's others will, I said. 
Oh is there, she said. Something o' that, I said. 
Then I'll know who to thank, she said, and give me a straight look. 
Hurry up please it's time
If you don't like it you can get on with it, I said. 
Others can pick and choose if you can't. 
But if Albert makes off, it won't be for lack of telling. 
You ought to be ashamed, I said, to look so antique. 
(And her only thirty-one.) 
I can't help it, she said, pulling a long face, 
It's them pills I took, to bring it off, she said. 
(She's had five already, and nearly died of young George.) 
The chemist said it would be all right, but I've never been the same. 
You are a proper fool, I said. 
Well, if Albert won't leave you alone, there it is, I said, 
What you get married for if you don't want children? 
Hurry up please, it's time 
Well, that Sunday Albert was home, they had a hot gammonGammonGammon Ham or bacon. (NA) reference topics back to "The Waste Land"Click for the full annotation →
And they asked me in to dinner, to get the beauty of it hot-- 
Hurry up please it's time 
Hurry up please it's time 
Goonight Bill. Goonight Lou. Goonight May. Goonight. 
Ta ta. Goonight. Goonight. 
Good night, ladies, good night, sweet ladies, good night, good night. RGood nightGood night... Cf. the mad Ophelia's departing words in Shakespeare's Hamlet : OPHELIA I hope all will be well. We must be patient; but I cannot choose but weep to think they would lay him i' th' cold ground. My brother shall know of it; and so I thank you for …Click for the full annotation →






80









90









100









110












120











130










140









150









170









180

Eliot reading The Waste Land - (c) HarperCollins Audio - RealAdio format III. The Fire Sermon RfiresermonThe Fire Sermon The Fire Sermon was preached by the Buddha against the fires of lust and other passions that destroy people and prevent their regeneration. reference topics Kassapa The Fire Worshipper Matthew 5-7, The Sermon on the Mount back to "The Waste Lan…Click for the full annotation →

The river's tent is broken: the last fingers of leaf 
Clutch and sink into the wet bank. The wind 
Crosses the brown land, unheard. The nymphs are departed. 
Sweet Thames, run softly, till I end my song. RSweet ThamesSweet Thames ... V. Spenser, Prothalamion . [Eliot's note] Eliot's line is the refrain from Spenser's marriage song, which is also set by the Thames in London - but a very different Thames from the modern littered river (NA). reference topics Spenser, Prothala…Click for the full annotation →
The river bears no empty bottles, sandwich papers, 
Silk handkerchiefs, cardboard boxes, cigarette ends 
Or other testimony of summer nights. The nymphs are departed. 
And their friends, the loitering heirs of City directors;
Departed, have left no addresses. 
By the waters of Leman I sat down and wept... RSjabloonBy the waters ... Cf. Psalms 137.1, in which the exiled Hebrews mourn for their homeland: "By the rivers of Babylon, there we sat down, yea, we wept, when we remembered Zion." (NA) reference topics back to "The Waste Land"Click for the full annotation →
Sweet Thames, run softly till I end my song, 
Sweet Thames, run softly, for I speak not loud or long. 
But at my back in a cold blast I hear RbutatmybackBut at my back ... An ironic distortion of Andrew Marvell's "To His Coy Mistress", lines 21-22: "But at my back I always hear/ Time's wingèd chariots hurrying near. Cf. also l. 196 (NA) reference topics Andrew Marvell , "To His Coy Mistress" back to "The Waste…Click for the full annotation →
The rattle of the bones, and chuckle spread from ear to ear.

A rat crept softly through the vegetation 
Dragging its slimy belly on the bank 
While I was fishing in the dull canal 
On a winter evening round behind the gashouse 
Musing upon the king my brother's wreck 
And on the king my father's death before him. Ron the kingAnd on the King ... Cf. The Tempest , I, ii. [Eliot's note] This is one of many references to Shakespeare's play. Again it is implied that Ferdinand is speaking these lines, and here refers to his relatives that he thinks have drowned. reference topics Shakesp…Click for the full annotation →
White bodies naked on the low damp ground 
And bones cast in a little low dry garret, 
Rattled by the rat's foot only, year to year. 
But at my back from time to time I hear RBut at my backBut at my back ... Cf. Marvell, To His Coy Mistress. [Eliot's note] Cf. also line 186. reference topics To His Coy Mistress back to "The Waste Land"Click for the full annotation →
The sound of horns and motors, which shall bring 
Sweeney to Mrs. Porter in the spring. Rthe sound ofThe sound of ... Cf. Day, Parliament of Bees: 'When of the sudden, listening, you shall hear, 'A noise of horns and hunting, which shall bring 'Acteaon to Diana in the spring, 'Where all shall see her naked skin...' [Eliot's note] In the Greek myth, Actaeon wa…Click for the full annotation →
O the moon shone bright on Mrs. Porter 
And on her daughter 
They wash their feet in soda water RThey wash theirThey wash their ... I do not know the origin of the ballad from which these lines are taken: it was reported to me from Sydney, Australia. [Eliot's note] One of the less bawdy versions of the song, which was popular among Australian troops in World War I, went…Click for the full annotation →
Et O ces voix d'enfants, chantant dans la coupole! T REt O cesEt O ces ... V. Verlaine, Parsifal . [Eliot's note] Verlaine's sonnet describes Parsifal, the questing knight, resisting all sensual temptations to keep himself pure for the Grail; Wagner's Parsifal had his feet washed before entering the castle of the Grail. …Click for the full annotation →

Twit twit twit 
Jug jug jug jug jug jug 
So rudely forc'd.
TerueTereuTereu ... Latin vocative from of Tereus, who "rudely forc'd" Philomela; it was also one of the conventional words for a nightingale's song in Elizabethan poetry. Cf. the song from John Lyly's Alexander and Campaspe (1564): Oh, 'tis the ravished nightingale. Ju…Click for the full annotation →

  Unreal City 
Under the brown fog of a winter noon 
Mr. Eugenides, the SmyrnaSmyrnaSmyrna. Seaport in western Turkey; here associated with Carthage and the ancient Phoenician and Syrian merchants (unlike those of modern Smyrna), who spread the old mystery cults. The sort of cult spread by Mr. Eugenides is indicated by his suggestion of "a we…Click for the full annotation → merchant 
Unshaven, with a pocket full of currants 
C.i.f. London: documents at sight, RC.i.f.C.i.f. ... The currants were quoted at a price 'cost insurance and freight to London'; and the Bill of Lading, etc., were to be handed to the buyer upon payment of the sight draft. [Eliot's note] back to "The Waste Land"Click for the full annotation →
Asked me in demotic French 
To luncheon at the Cannon Street HotelCannon Street HotelCannon Street Hotel Located near the station that was then chief terminus for travelers to the Continent, hence a favourite meeting place for businesspeople going or coming from abroad. (NA) back to "The Waste Land"Click for the full annotation → 
Followed by a weekend at the Metropole.

  At the violet hour, when the eyes and back 
Turn upward from the desk, when the human engine waits 
Like a taxi throbbing waiting, 
I Tiresias, though blind, throbbing between two lives, RTiresiasTiresias Tiresias is a man from Greek mythology who for seven years changed sex, after he struck two intertwined snakes. He is known for being a seer and occurs in many classical texts. In Ovid's Metamorphoses he is asked whether men or women experience more p…Click for the full annotation →
Old man with wrinkled female breasts, can see 
At the violet hour, the evening hour that strives 
Homeward, and brings the sailor home from sea, Rbrings the sailorbrings the sailor ... This may not appear as exact as Sappho's lines, but I had in mind the 'longshore' or 'dory' fisherman, who returns at nightfall. [Eliot's note] Sappho's poem addressed Hesperus, the evening star, as the star that brings everyone home from…Click for the full annotation →
The typist home at teatime, clears her breakfast, lights 
Her stove, and lays out food in tins. 
Out of the window perilously spread 
Her drying combinations touched by the sun's last rays, 
On the divan are piled (at night by her bed) 
Stockings, slippers, camisoles, and stays. 
I Tiresias, old man with wrinkled dugs 
Perceived the scene, and foretold the rest-- 
I too awaited the expected guest. 
He, the young man carbuncular, arrives, 
A small house agent's clerk, with one bold stare, 
One of the low on whom assurance sits 
As a silk hat on a BradfordBradfordBradford Either the Yorkshire woolen manufacturing town, where many fortunes were made in World War I, or the pioneer oil town of Bradford, Pennsylvania, the home of one of Eliot's wealthy Harvard contemporaries, T.E. Hanley. reference topics back to "The Wast…Click for the full annotation → millionaire. 
The time is now propitious, as he guesses, 
The meal is ended, she is bored and tired, 
Endeavors to engage her in caresses 
Which still are unreproved, if undesired. 
Flushed and decided, he assaults at once; 
Exploring hands encounter no defense; 
His vanity requires no response, 
And makes a welcome of indifference. 
(And I Tiresias have foresuffered all 
Enacted on this same divan or bed; 
I who have sat by Thebes below the wall Rbrings the sailorbrings the sailor ... This may not appear as exact as Sappho's lines, but I had in mind the 'longshore' or 'dory' fisherman, who returns at nightfall. [Eliot's note] Sappho's poem addressed Hesperus, the evening star, as the star that brings everyone home from…Click for the full annotation →
And walked among the lowest of the dead.) 
Bestows one final patronizing kiss, 
And gropes his way, finding the stairs unlit... 

  She turns and looks a moment in the glass, 
Hardly aware of her departed lover; 
Her brain allows one half-formed thought to pass: 
"Well now that's done: and I'm glad it's over." 
When lovely woman stoops to folly and RWhen lovely womanWhen lovely woman ... V. Goldsmith, the song in The Vicar of Wakefield. [Eliot's note] Olivia, a character in Oliver Goldsmith's novel, sings the following song when she returns to the place where she was seduced: When lovely woman stoops to folly And finds to…Click for the full annotation →
Paces about her room again, alone, 
She smoothes her hair with automatic hand, 
And puts a record on the gramophone.

  "This music crept by me upon the waters"  RThis music creptThis music crept ... V. The Tempest , as above. [Eliot's note] Cf. line 48. The line is from Ferdinand's speech, continuing after "weeping again the King my father's wrack." Shakespeare, The Tempest back to "The Waste Land"Click for the full annotation →
And along the Strand, up Queen Victoria Street. 
O City city, I can sometimes hear 
Beside a public bar in Lower Thames Street, 
The pleasant whining of a mandolin 
And a clatter and a chatter from within 
Where fishmen lounge at noon: where the walls 
Of Magnus Martyr I hold RMagnus MartyrOf Magnus Martyr ... The interior of St. Magnus Martyr is to my mind one of the finest among Wren's interiors. See The Proposed Demolition of Nineteen City Churches : (P.S. King & Son, Ltd.). [Eliot's note] In these lines, the "pleasant" music, the "fishmen" r…Click for the full annotation →
Inexplicable splendor of Ionian white and gold.

The river sweats RThe river sweatsThe river sweats ... The Song of the (three) Thames-daughters begins here. From line 292 to 306 inclusive they speak in turn. V. Götterdämmerung , III, i: the Rhine Daughters. [Eliot's note] Eliot parallel's the Thames-daughters with the Rhine-maidens in Wagne…Click for the full annotation →
Oil and tar 
The barges drift 
With the turning tide 
Red sails 
Wide 
To leeward, swing on the heavy spar. 
The barges wash 
Drifting logs 
Down Greenwich reach 
Past the Isle of Dogs. 
                      Weialala leia 
                      Wallala leialala
Elizabeth and Leicester RElizabeth and LeicesterElizabeth and Leicester V. Froude, Elizabeth , Vol. I, ch. iv, letter of De Quadra to Philip of Spain: "In the afternoon we were in a barge, watching the games on the river (The Queen) was alone with Lord Robert and myself on the poop, when they began to talk …Click for the full annotation →
Beating oars 
The stern was formed 
A gilded shell 
Red and gold 
The brisk swell 
Rippled both shores 
Southwest wind 
Carried down stream 
The peal of bells 
White towers 
                     Weialala leia 
                     Wallala leialala

"Trams and dusty trees. 
Highbury bore me. Richmond and Kew RHighbury bore meHighbury bore me ... Cf. Purgatorio , V. 133: "Ricorditi di me, che son la Pia; Siena mi fe', disfecemi Maremma." [Eliot's note] Highbury : aresidential London suburb; Richmond : a pleasant part of London westward up the Thames, with boating and riverside hote…Click for the full annotation →
Undid me. By Richmond I raised my knees 
Supine on the floor of a narrow canoe."

"My feet are at Moorgate, and my heart 
Under my feet. After the event 
He wept. He promised a new start.' 
I made no comment. What should I resent?"

"On MargateMargateMargate Popular seaside resort on Thames estuary. Eliot and his wife spent a month here in 1921 (see Peter Ackroyd, T.S. Eliot , page 114-5) reference topics back to "The Waste Land"Click for the full annotation → Sands. 
I can connect 
Nothing with Nothing. 
The broken fingernails of dirty hands. 
My people humble people who expect 
Nothing." 
              la la

To Carthage then I came RTo Carthage thenTo Carthage then ... V. St. Augustine's Confessions : 'to Carthage then I came, where a cauldron of unholy loves sang all about mine ears.' [Eliot's note] The passage from the Confessions quoted here occurs in St. Augustine's account of his youthful life of lu…Click for the full annotation →

Burning burning burning burning RBurning burningBurning burning burning ... The complete text of the Buddha's Fire Sermon (which corresponds in importance to the Sermon on the Mount) from which these words are taken, will be found translated in the late Henry Clarke Warren's Buddhism in Translation (Harvard…Click for the full annotation →
O Lord Thou pluckest me out RO lord thou pluckestO lord thou pluckest ... From St. Augustine's Confessions again. The collocation of these two representatives of eastern and western asceticism, as the culmination of this part of the poem, is not an accident. [Eliot's note] back to "The Waste Land"Click for the full annotation →
O Lord Thou pluckest

burning










180










190









200











210










220









230









240










250










260










270









280









290












300











310

IV. Death by Water RDeath by WaterDeath by Water ... This section has been interpreted in two ways: either it signifies death by water without resurrection (water misused) or it symbolises the sacrificial death that precedes rebirth. It is true that Phlebas is purged of his commercial interest…Click for the full annotation →
Phlebas the Phoenician, a fortnight dead, 
Forgot the cry of gulls, and the deep sea swell 
And the profit and loss. 
                                            A current under sea 
Picked his bones in whispers. As he rose and fell 
He passed the stages of his age and youth 
Entering the whirlpool. 
                                            Gentle or Jew 
O you who turn the wheel and look to windward, 
Consider Phlebas, who was once handsome and tall as you.










320

Eliot reading The Waste Land - (c) HarperCollins Audio - RealAdio format V. What the Thunder Said RWhat the Thunder saidWhat the Thunder said ... In the first part of Part V three themes are employed: the journey to Emmaus, the approach to the Chapel Perilous (see Miss Weston's book) and the present decay of eastern Europe. [Eliot's note] The journey to Emmaus (see line 360 and…Click for the full annotation →

  After the torchlight red on sweaty faces 
After the frosty silence in the gardens 
After the agony in stony places 
The shouting and the crying 
Prison and palace and reverberation 
Of thunder of spring over distant mountains 
He who was living is now dead RHe who wasHe who was ... These lines, containing allusions to Christ's imprisonment and trial, and to Gethsemane and Golgotha, suggest the hopeless days between Good Friday and Easter, between the Crucifixion and the Resurrection - associated with the death of the Fishe…Click for the full annotation →
We who were living are now dying 
With a little patience

  Here is no water but only rock 
Rock and no water and the sandy road 
The road winding above among the mountains 
Which are mountains of rock without water 
If there were water we should stop and drink 
Amongst the rock one cannot stop or think 
Sweat is dry and feet are in the sand 
If there were only water amongst the rock 
Dead mountain mouth of carious teeth that cannot spit 
Here one can neither stand nor lie nor sit 
There is not even silence in the mountains 
But dry sterile thunder without rain 
There is not even solitude in the mountains 
But red sullen faces sneer and snarl 
From doors of mudcracked houses 
                                                    If there were water 
  And no rock 
  If there were rock 
  And also water 
  And water 
  A spring 
  A pool among the rock 
  If there were the sound of water only 
  Not the cicada 
  And dry grass singing 
  But sound of water over a rock 
  Where the hermit thrush sings in the pine trees Rwhen the hermitwhen the hermit-thrush ... This is Turdus aonalaschkae pallasii , the hermit-thrush which I have heard in Quebec Province. Chapman says ( Handbook of Birds of Eastern North America) 'it is most at home in secluded woodland and thickety retreats.... Its notes a…Click for the full annotation →
  Drip drop drip drop drop drop drop 
  But there is no water

  Who is the third who walks always beside you? RWho is the thirdWho is the third ... The following lines were stimulated by the account of one of the Antarctic expeditions (I forget which, but I think one of Shackleton's): it was related that the party of explorers, at the extremity of their strength, had the constant delu…Click for the full annotation →
When I count, there are only you and I together 
But when I look ahead up the white road 
There is always another one walking beside you 
Gliding wrapped in a brown mantle, hooded 
I do not know whether a man of a woman 
---But who is that on the other side of you?

  What is that sound high in the air Rwhat is that soundwhat is that sound ... Cf. Herman Hesse, Blick ins Chaos : 'Schon ist halb Europa, schon ist zumindest der halbe Osten Europas auf dem Wege zum Chaos, fährt betrunken im heiligen Wahn am Abgrund entlang und singt dazu, singt betrunken und hymnisch wie Dmitri K…Click for the full annotation →
Murmur of maternal lamentation 
Who are those hooded hordes swarming 
Over endless plains, stumbling in cracked earth 
Ringed by the flat horizon only 
What is the city over the mountains 
Cracks and reforms and bursts in the violet air 
Falling towers 
Jerusalem Athens Alexandria 
Vienna London 
Unreal

  A woman drew her long black hair out tight 
And fiddled whisper music on those strings 
And bats with baby faces in the violet light 
Whistled, and beat their wings 
And crawled head downward down a blackened wall 
And upside down in air were towers 
Tolling reminiscent bells, that kept the hours 
And voices singing out of empty cisterns and exhausted wells.

  In this decayed hole among the mountains 
In the faint moonlight, the grass is singing 
Over the tumbled graves, about the chapel 
There is the empty chapel, only the wind's home. Rempty chapelthere is the empty ... Suggesting the moment of near despair before the Chapel Perilous, when the questing knight sees nothing there but decay. This illusion of nothingness is the knight's final test. back to "The Waste Land"Click for the full annotation →
It has no windows, and the door swings, 
Dry bones can harm no one. 
Only a cock stood on the rooftree 
Co co rico co co rico RCo co ri coCo co ri co ... The crowing of the cock signals the departure of ghosts and evil spirits. Cf. Hamlet 1.1.157ff. back to "The Waste Land"Click for the full annotation →
In a flash of lightning. Then a damp gust 
Bringing rain

  Ganga was sunken, and the limp leaves 
Waited for rain, while the black clouds 
Gathered far distant, over Himavant. 
The jungle crouched, humped in silence. 
Then spoke the thunder 
Da RDattaDatta, dayadhvam, damyata ... 'Datta, dayadhvam, damyata' (Give, sympathise, control). The fable of the meaning of the Thunder is found in the Brihadaranyaka - Upanishad , 5, I. A translation is found in Deussen's S echzig Upanishads des Veda, p. 489 [Eliot's …Click for the full annotation →
Datta: what have we given? 
My friend, blood shaking my heart 
The awful daring of a moment's surrender 
Which an age of prudence can never retract 
By this, and this only, we have existed 
Which is not to be found in our obituaries 
Or in memories draped by the beneficent spider Rbeneficent spiderthe beneficent spider ... 407. Cf. Webster, The White Devil , V, vi: '...they'll remarry Ere the worm pierce your winding-sheet, ere the spider Make a thin curtain for your epitapths.' [Eliot's note] back to "The Waste Land"Click for the full annotation →
Or under seals broken by the lean solicitor 
In our empty rooms 
Da 
Dayadhvam: I have heard the key RI have heardI have heard ... Cf. Inferno, XXXIII, 46: "ed io senti chiavar l'uscio di sotto / all'orribile torre." Also F.H. Bradley, Appearance and Reality, p. 306: "My external sensations are no less private to my self than are my thoughts or my feelings. In either case…Click for the full annotation →
Turn in the door once and turn once only 
We think of the key, each in his prison 
Thinking of the key, each confirms a prison 
Only at nightfall, ethereal rumors 
Revive for a moment a broken CoriolanusCoirolanusCoriolanus Coriolanus, who acted out of pride rather than duty, is an obvious example of a man locked in the prison of his own self. He led the enemy against his native city out of injured pride (cf. Shakespeare, Coriolanus ). (NA) back to "The Waste Land"Click for the full annotation → 
Da 
Damyata: The boat responded 
Gaily, to the hand expert with sail and oar 
The sea was calm, your heart would have responded 
Gaily, when invited, beating obedient 
To controlling hands

                                                I sat upon the shore 
Fishing, with the arid plain behind me RFishing with theFishing, with the ... V. Weston: From Ritual to Romance ; chapter on the Fisher King. [Eliot's note] back to "The Waste Land"Click for the full annotation →
Shall I at least set my lands in order? RShall I at leastShall I at least ... Cf. Isaiah 38.1: "Thus saith the Lord, Set thine house in order; for thou shalt die, and not live." The inclusive "I," who sits in the symbolic act of fishing (seeking salvation, regeneration, eternity) with the Waste Land behind him, wond…Click for the full annotation →
London Bridge is falling down falling down falling down RLondon bridge isLondon bridge is ... One of the later lines of this nursery rhyme is "Take the key and lock her up, my fair lady." back to "The Waste Land"Click for the full annotation →
Poi s'ascose nel foco che gli affina T RPoi s'ascose nel ...Poi s'ascose nel ... V. Purgatorio , XXVI, 148. "Ara vos prec per aquella valor que vos guida al som de l'esalina, sovenha vos a temps de ma dolor. Poi s'ascose nel foco che li affina." [Eliot's note] The purgatorial vision of refining fire - as distinct from …Click for the full annotation →
Quando fiam uti chelidon T ---O swallowswallowswallow swallow ... Cf. Swinburne's "Itylus", which begins, "Swallow, my sister, O sister swallow, / How can thine heart be full of spring?" and Tennyson's lyric in The Princess "O Swallow, Swallow, flying, flying south." back to "The Waste Land"Click for the full annotation → swallow RQuandofiamQuando fiam ... V. Pervigilium Veneris . Cf. Philomela in Parts II and III. [Eliot's note] Pervigilium Veneris (Vigil of Venus) is an anonymous late Latin poem combining a hymn to Venus with a description of spring. In the last two stanzas of the Pervigilium o…Click for the full annotation →
Le Prince d'Aquitainte a la tour abolie T Rlatouraboliea la tour abolie ... V. Gerard de Nerval, Sonnet El Desdichado. [Eliot's note] One of the cards in the Tarot pack is "the tower struck by lightning." (NA) back to "The Waste Land"Click for the full annotation →
These fragments I have shored against my ruins Rthese fragmentsthese fragments ... This may refer to the whole poem - fragments assembled by the speaker in the attempt to come to terms with his situation. (NA) back to "The Waste Land"Click for the full annotation →
Why then Ile fit you. Hieronymo's mad againe. RWhy thenWhy then ... V. Kyd's Spanish Tragedy. [Eliot's note] Subtitled "Hieronymo's Mad Againe," Kyd's play (1594) is an early example of the Elizabethan tragedy of revenge. Hieronymo, driven mad by the murder of his son, has his revenge when he is asked to write a c…Click for the full annotation →
Datta. Dayadhvam. Damyata. 
                     Shantih shantih shantih RShantih ShantihShantih shantih ... Shantih. Repeated as here, a formal ending to an Upanishad. 'The Peace which passeth understanding' is our equivalent to this word. [Eliot's note] The Upanishads are poetic dialogues on Hindu scriptures, written after the Vedas, the ancient…Click for the full annotation →











330










340










350










360










370










380










390










400









410









420










430